Pseudococcidae using molecular and morphological data. The cassava mealybug is a clear and present threat to the food security and livelihoods of some of the worlds most impoverished citizens. Within 15 years of its discovery, it had invaded most of west and central africa and was spreading to the east. Rearing the cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti, on a defined diet article pdf available in entomologia experimentalis et applicata 863. Early transcriptome response of cassava manihot esculenta crantz to mealybug phenacoccus manihoti feeding by. The feeding behaviour of cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti was analysed by the electrical penetration graph technique epg, dcsystem and by light microscopy. The potential distribution of cassava mealybug phenacoccus. As a step towards understanding the parasitoids effectiveness we investigated the cues with which it locates its host. Pdf on jul 1, 2000, pa calatayud and others published influence of linamarin and rutin on biological performances of phenacoccus manihoti in artificial diets find, read and cite all the. To support management decisions, this article reports recent distribution records, and estimates the climatic suitability for its regional spread using a. The cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero homoptera. Phenacoccus manihoti has three nymphal stages with average durations of 6.
Surveys were carried out in zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990, to assess the impact of a biological control campaign against the cassava mealybug cm, phenacoccus manihoti mat. Cassava field severely infested by phenacoccus manihoti with symptom of bunchy tops among 80 cassava field sites, the p. The specific parasitoid epidinocarsis lopezi, introduced from south america, its area of o. Pdf influence of linamarin and rutin on biological. Cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero. Jul 06, 2019 spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti homoptera. Pest alert occurrence of cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero in india pest alert occurrence of cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero in india pdf slides on mitochondrial genome and its application in dna barcoding. Effect of invasive pest phenacoccus manihoti matile. Phenacoccus manihoti pest attack intensity in each observation location in the three regencieson flores island is mild to moderate, namely 43. The cassava mealybug was successfully suppressed at a. The specific parasitoid epidinocarsis lopezi, introduced from south america, its area of origin, into nigeria in 1981, has since been released in more than 50 sites. The biology ofepidinocarsis apoanagyrus lopezi desantis was studied under fluctuating laboratory conditions of 2431c and 7990% r.
To support management decisions, this article reports recent distribution records, and estimates the climatic suitability for its regional spread. By the mid1990s, only the indian ocean islands including madagascar were still free of this pest, and they have remained so up to today 2001. Alternate host plants of phenacoccus manihoti matile. Pseudococcidae, is a serious insect pest that causes damage to a wide range of cassava varieties manihot esculenta worldwide 1,2.
A field trial on a moderately infested fourmonth old cassava plot was initiated at ugwuoba field station of national root crops research institute, to determine the efficacy of five insecticides for control of cassava mealybug cmb, phenacoccus manihoti matferr. Ecology and control of the cassava mealybug essay 1862 words. Pseudococcidae, one of the most serious pests of cassava worldwide, has recently reached asia, raising significant concern over its potential spread throughout the region. Although the biological control of this mealybug using natural predators has been established, resistance breeding remains an important means of control.
Pseudococcidae feeds by sucking the sap of cassava plants, causing damage directly by sucking the sap and contaminating the plant with its toxic saliva and indirectly by favoring the development of sooty molds. Modelled climate suitability for phenacoccus manihoti under natural rainfall conditions. Padilchamaiporn buamas department of agriculture, thailand cc by 3. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, phenacoccus.
Wherever this mealybug, which was newly described as phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero, and belonging to the family pseudoccocidae, turned up it became the most important. Una ning gihulagway ni matileferrero ni adtong 1977. South america a, b, africa c, d and southeast asia e, f. The influence of the cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti mat. Detailed agespecific life table studies were carried out under controlled conditions to measure the effect of temperature, leaf quality age, variety and plant drought stress on net production rate r 0, intrinsic rate of increase r m and generation time g of phenacoccus manihoti mat.
To support management decisions, this article reports recent distribution records, and estimates the climatic suitability for. Biology of epidinocarsis apoanagyrus lopezi hymenoptera. Eighty percent of its production is concentrated in brazil. Phenacoccus manihoti atau kutu putih singkong merupakan hama baru yang berpotensi menjadi ancaman di pertanaman khususnya tanaman singkong. Etiology, epidemiology, and control cassava munihor escuknra crante. Cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero hemiptera. Tritrophic interactions between host plants, the cassava. Pdf rearing the cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti, on. By the end of 1986 it was established in 16 countries and more than 750 000 km 2. Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug.
Functional response of exochomus flavipes thunberg. Ant densities were much higher in the rain forest than in the savanna and, in. Hemocytes of phenacoccus manihoti and planococcus citri were studied to determine general ultrastructure, phenoloxidase activity, and the presence or absence of a glycocalyx. We started with the parameter values mealybu 1 published by parsa et al. The total developmental time from egg to adult ranged from 1125 days, average 18 days. Matileferrero, 1978 and congo democratic republic hahn and williams, 1973. First record of cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti hemiptera. Doreste, cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero and variegated grasshopper zonocems variegatus l. Since its accidental introduction into africa, the cassava mealybug cm has spread to about 25 countries.
Phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero pseudococcidae, the cassava mealybug. There are at least 180 described species in phenacoccus see also. An phenacoccus manihoti in uska species han insecta nga ginhulagway ni matileferrero hadton 1977. They can also contribute to bioeconomic analyses that. Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava. Field observations indicated that symptoms of bunchy top appeared as early as 8 weeks after planting wap and rose quickly started 16 wap, at the same time with the advent of the dry season mayjune. Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti homoptera. Map showing the geographical distribution of phenacoccus manihoti and anagyrus lopezi figure 2. Interspecific host discrimination and competition in.
Phenacoccus is a genus of mealybugs in the family pseudococcidae. Genetic variation among the geographic population of. Jacqueline russo, marierose allo, jeanpierre nenon, and, michel brehelin. Prohemocytes, oenocytoids, and granular hemocytes of types 1 gh1, 2 gh2, and 3 gh3 were observed in p. The hemocytes of the mealybugs phenacoccus manihoti and. Country report on national information exchange process. This crop had remained relatively pest free until the introduction of the phenacoccus manihoti. The cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti hemiptera. Read interspecific host discrimination and competition in apoanagyrus epidinocarsis lopezi and a. It is an exotic plant which was imported from south america in sixteenth century and an emergency food reserve in a lot of arid zone in africa dent, d. Photographs of fieldcollected phenacoccus manihoti. Pseudococcidae, the cassava mealybug essien, rosemary anietie 1, odebiyi, johnson adebayo 2 and ekanem, mfon sunday 3 1department of crop science, akwa ibom state university, p. Biological characteristics of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti hemiptera. In surveys of cassava fields in the coastal savanna and rain forest zones of ghana, eight species of ants, mostly in the genera camponotus, crematogaster and pheidole hymenoptera.
The mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti, is a leading pest of cassava manihot esculenta crantz, damaging this crop globally. Hammond biological control programme, international institute of tropical agriculture, benin research station, b. Phenacoccus solenopsis tinsley announcement of moa china no. In indonesia, the pest was first detected on cassava fields in bogor in mid 2010. Biological control of cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti was first discovered in zaire in 1973 and spread into almost all other cassava growing areas of the continent. First record of cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti. It is native to south america 2, but it has become naturalized throughout subsaharan africa since its inadvertent introduction into the continent in the early 1970s fig. Damage intensity is influenced by cassava mealybug population 15% and other factors 85%.
The cassavaor pink cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero hemiptera. Pseudococcidae is a prominent pest of cassava manihot esculenta crantz. Effect of invasive pest phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero. Proceedings of an international workshop on biological control and host plant resistance to control the cassava mealybug and green spider. Relationship between population and intensity of cassava. Pdf the potential distribution of cassava mealybug. Pdf the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti in asia. Dorsum with a dark bar, spots on intersegmental areas of thorax and abdomen, with 18 pairs of lateral wax filament. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti hom. Impact of predation by coccinellid larvae on colonies of. Evaluation of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug. Landscape context does not constrain biological control of. Oct 15, 2012 phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero hemiptera.
Eo 603 pdf multitrophic interactions in cassava, manihot esculenta, cropping systems in the subhumid tropics of west africa. The hitherto unknown insect was subsequently described and named in 1977 as phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero, 1977. Similarities of epgs from mealybugs with those of aphids. The insecticides were rogor 40 dimethoate, supracide 40 methidathion, basudin 60 diazinon. The influence of the host plant on the parsitism of third instar phenacoccus manihoti matile. Impact assessment of the biological control of the cassava. The cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero hemiptera. Pseudococcidae, is an invasive alien pest that comes from south america. Abstract the cassava mealybug cm, phenacoccus manihoti mat. Pseudococcidae caused symptoms of bunchy top, shortened and distorted nodes, leaf drops, and inhibition of plant growth. Maps on the left a,c and e were derived using the parsa et al. Niche models, such as climex, are useful tools to indicate where and when such threats may extend, and can assist with planning for biosecurity and the management of pest invasions.
Similar results were found by minko 2009 in the bonoua cultivar in africa grown at 25 c, with average durations of 8. The hemocytes of the mealybugs phenacoccus manihoti and planococcus citri insecta. Alternate host plants of phenacoccus manihoti matile ferrero homoptera. Within a few years after these first reports, the insect became the major cassava pest and spread rapidly through most of the african cassava belt. The early transcriptome response of cassava manihot. Cassava, mealybug, level of infestation, phenacoccus manihoti abstract. Geographic distribution of phenacoccus manihoti and anagyrus lopezi 3753 figure 1. This pest can destroy the cassava plantation, and causes a lot of damage on the plant. The hitherto unknown insect was subsequently described and named in 1977 as phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero, 1977, originating from the neotropics. They can also contribute to bioeconomic analyses that underpin the. Biological characteristics of the cassava mealybug. Ang phenacoccus manihoti sakop sa kahenera nga phenacoccus sa kabanay nga pseudococcidae. This study confirmed a typical phloemfeeding behaviour with an aphidlike predominance of extracellular pathways of stylets.
Pdf on jan 1, 2015, dewi sartimi and others published first record of cassava mealybug, phenacoccus. Blast of the co1 gene sequence showed the identity of eight populations at 99% with the query cover 97%. Mar 15, 2017 the potential distribution of cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti, a threat to food security for the poor article pdf available in plos one 123. Characteristics of phenacoccus manihoti based on gen co1 total dna in p. Phenacoccus manihoti an overview sciencedirect topics. To establish an integrated pest management program, information about.
In the field, the encyrtid wasp, epidinocarsis lopezi desantis can find its host, the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matile. Euphorbiaceae is the only species in its genus that is cultivated as a food crop. Biological control of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti hom. The estimated losses caused by this species and another explosive pest, cassava green spider mites, mononychellus spp. Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti hemiptera. Genetic variation of cassava mealybug, phenacoccus. Cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero, native to south. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of. Understanding plant responses to insect herbivory, by determining and identifying differentially expressed genes degs. Functional response of first and fourth larval instars of exochomus flavipes, as a predator of phenacoccus manihoti was studied in the laboratory. Topics cassava, mealybug, level of infestation, phenacoccus manihoti. Phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero, the value of the upper optimal soil moisture threshold sm2 was left unchanged at 0. Effect of invasive pest phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero hemiptera. Phenacoccus manihoti is a scale insect species in the early 1970s, the cassava mealybug p.
The dna band from the pcr products showed the position of the co1 gene with a length of 518 bp figure 2. Formicidae, were found attending cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti matileferrero. The potential distribution of cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti, a threat to food security for the poor article pdf available in plos one 123. It soon became an important pest, and methods to control it became a topic of interest. Pdf first record of cassava mealybug, phenacoccus manihoti. However, cassava green mite and cassava mealybug can be grouped with regard to strategies for overcoming their hosts chemical defences as they have.
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